The Presidium of the Central Committee of the CPSU approved the execution of the workers. To the 60th anniversary of the events in Novocherkassk
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Concluding the series of articles about the Novocherkassk tragedy, we repeat: all the facts are now well known. The reactions and actions of top management are little known in detail. And they, as always, are of particular interest. The very next day after the shooting of the demonstration, which took place on June 2, 1962, the KGB investigation department opened a criminal case on mass riots on the grounds of Article 79 of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR.
The blood had not yet been washed off the streets (the square in front of the city committee was covered with new asphalt), and the authorities urgently set about “organizing a nationwide condemnation” of the protesters.
The cynicism went so far as to “organize” the appeal of the workers of the steel mill, which had begun the strike, with a request to be allowed to work on Sunday in order to “expiate the guilt for the riots that had taken place.”
There were general arrests in Novocherkassk. The city was plunged into fear. Although there were attempts to resist, leaflets were pasted on poles and fences. One of them demanded that relatives be allowed to see the wounded, to the places of burial of corpses, with a threat that otherwise information about the incident would be transferred abroad.
How? It should be clarified: in the 1960s, amateur radio, also called “radio hooliganism”, was widespread. Craftsmen made attachments to radio receivers and went on the air on long and medium waves. Several vehicles with special equipment for direction finding and transmission jamming were urgently delivered to Novocherkassk.
On June 10, 1962, on the eighth day after the execution, a meeting of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the CPSU was held. There is no detailed report, there is only a protocol record. The protocol number is written in pencil. The date of the meeting, the wording of the question, the course of discussion and decisions are written in red ink. Here are some excerpts from it.
“Protocol No. 35.
10 June 1962 meeting
Present: Brezhnev, Kirilenko, Kozlov, Kosygin, Kuusinen, Mikoyan, Polyansky, Suslov, Khrushchev, Rashidov, Grishin, Demichev, Ilyichev, Ponomarev, Shelepin, Malinovsky, Grechko, Chuikov, Biryuzov, Zakharov, Epishev, Gromyko, Ivanov S.P. .
- Comrade Kozlov’s information about the events in Novocherkassk.
(Kozlov, Mikoyan, Ilyichev, Khrushchev).
Well done action.
We had no other choice.
Most are supportive.
Destroy sectarian organizations.
The weakness of our work has come to light.
T. Basov turned out to be a weak worker.
The conclusion is to improve our work.
Strengthen the work of org[анов] KGB.
Tt. Prepare Shelepin, Semichastny and Ivashutin.
(Archive of the President of the Russian Federation. F.3. Op.16. D.947. L.21-22.)
An explanation is needed here. Basov – First Secretary of the Rostov Regional Committee of the CPSU. What does it mean to “destroy sectarian organizations”? And what about the sectarians?
Probably, the fact is that back in Novocherkassk, a group of members of the Presidium of the Central Committee and secretaries of the Central Committee, who urgently arrived there, discussed in panic what happened, how and why, putting forward a variety of assumptions. Ilyichev, secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU for ideological issues, said that the workers were incited by religious sectarians. Judging by the protocol, he repeated the same thing at a meeting of the Presidium of the Central Committee. And so they included in the protocol: “To defeat the sectarian organizations.”
On July 13, 1962, the Central Committee of the CPSU received a Note from the Chairman of the KGB Semichastny and the Prosecutor General of the USSR Rudenko on the need for an open trial in the city of Novocherkassk and a draft indictment in case No. 1773-s.
“Information about the progress of the process should be periodically transmitted over the city radio broadcasting network, and messages about this should not be published in the local press. To allow the Novocherkassk city committee of the CPSU to hold meetings of workers in separate workshops of factories during the process demanding severe punishment for those responsible for organizing mass riots, and after its completion, with the approval of the verdict.
(Archive of the President of the Russian Federation. F. 3. Op. 58. D. 211. L. 211-242.)
No one even thought about what the court should decide. They’ve already decided everything. And the verdict, and “approval of the verdict by the workers.”
There are marks on the document: “K No. 2810-ap. Reference. The issue was discussed at a meeting of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the CPSU on July 19, 1962 without being recorded in the protocol.
From August 13 to 20, the trial took place.
The KGB, the prosecutor’s office, the propaganda department of the Central Committee for the RSFSR constantly sent reports to the Central Committee about the progress of the process:
“Many workers who have been on trial express the opinion that such criminals should not be tried, but shot without trial or investigation. The workers of the assembly shop of the electric locomotive building plant Radchenko and Shinia, having returned from the process, told the shop about the true face of the people being judged. Their story was met with exclamations of the workers at the address of the criminals: “bastards”, “moneybags”, what they wanted to achieve. <...> If earlier some people did not understand the events that had taken place, now the inhabitants of the mountains. Novocherkassk understood their essence, understood that the riots were provoked by criminal hooligan elements and indignantly condemn the criminal actions of bandits and hooligans.
Seven people were sentenced to death. 103 people – to imprisonment for terms from 2 to 15 years.
Separately – about the death sentence. On June 3, the day after the execution, the case was initiated under article 79 of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR – “Organization of mass riots”, with a penalty of imprisonment for a term of 2 to 15.
But then, in relation to the seven defendants, the case was reclassified and they were convicted under article 77 of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR Banditry. “Organization of armed gangs for the purpose of attacking enterprises, institutions, organizations or individuals, as well as participation in such gangs and in the attacks they carry out.” With punishment up to the death penalty.
29 years later, on March 27, 1991, the Supreme Court of the USSR recognized this sentence as illegal:
“The conviction for banditry and riots was found to be unfounded, since no evidence was obtained in the case that the convicts were members of a gang or took part in attacks committed by such a gang, and were also organizers of riots or directly took part in them.”
According to that illegal sentence, they were shot:
Zaitsev Alexander Fedorovich, 35 years old, foreman of the state farm;
Korkach Andrey Andreevich, 45 years old, worker at an electrode plant;
Kuznetsov Mikhail Aleksandrovich, 32 years old, worker at an electrode plant;
Mokrousov Boris Nikolaevich, 39 years old, cutter at a machine-tool plant;
Sotnikov Sergey Sergeevich, 25 years old, turner of an electric locomotive plant;
Cherepanov Vladimir Dmitrievich, 29 years old, mechanic at the Gormash plant;
Shuvaev Vladimir Georgievich, 25 years old, boarding school cook.
On June 2, 1962, 26 people were killed on the streets in Novocherkassk. 87 – wounded.
Decades have passed. After the disappearance from the political map of the country called the USSR, the new government, we must pay tribute to it, in the enormity of the problems that had fallen, nevertheless, remembered the Novocherkassk execution.
From the Decree of the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation of May 22, 1992, No. 2822-1:
“Condemning the actions of the authorities to suppress the demonstration of the workers of the city of Novocherkassk in June 1962 and based on the principles proclaimed by the Declaration of the Rights and Freedoms of Man and Citizen, the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation decides:
- The Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation, within two weeks, to consider the materials of criminal cases against all citizens convicted in connection with these events and not previously rehabilitated, in order to resolve the issue of bringing protests against court decisions.
- Extend to all citizens convicted in connection with the events in the city of Novocherkassk and subsequently rehabilitated, the effect of Articles 12-16 of the Law of the Russian Federation “On the rehabilitation of victims of political repression.”
In the same 1992, the Main Military Prosecutor’s Office of the Russian Federation opened a criminal case.
Kozlov, a member of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the CPSU, was considered the main culprit in the execution of Novocherkassk workers.
In particular, a member of the Presidium of the Central Committee Mikoyan, who was together with Kozlov in those days in Novocherkassk, wrote in his memoirs published in 1999:
“He called Moscow and sowed panic, demanding permission to use weapons, and through Khrushchev received permission to do so “in case of emergency.” “Extreme” was defined, of course, by Kozlov. <...> Why did Khrushchev allow the use of weapons? He was extremely frightened by the fact that, according to the KGB, the strikers sent their people to neighboring industrial centers. Moreover, Kozlov exaggerated. <…> Guilty is Kozlov, who misinformed him so much that he got permission, although conditional.” (Mikoyan A.I. So it was. M .: Vagrius, 1990)
Of course, Mikoyan’s testimony is not the ultimate truth. But the materials of the Main Military Prosecutor’s Office also say:
“The main role in making the main decisions related to restoring order in the city of Novocherkassk in June 1962 was played by a member of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the CPSU, secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU Kozlov F.R., who led a group of representatives of the apparatus of the Central Committee of the CPSU who arrived in the city on June 1, 1962. Being in his position the second person in the party after N.S. Khrushchev and having practically unlimited powers, Kozlov F.R. took the toughest position among the other members of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the CPSU, demanding from the command of the North Caucasus Military District and the internal troops to take immediate and most radical measures to stop the unrest in the city. <...> F.R. Kozlov, without prior agreement with N.S. Khrushchev, ordered the use of weapons against the people gathered in the square. <...> In order to avoid new demonstrations and mass unrest in the city, by the decision of F. R. Kozlov, the corpses of the dead citizens were not given to their relatives, but secretly, without coffins, they were buried in various cemeteries of the Rostov region, which violated the legal rights and interests of the relatives of the dead persons, for 30 years without any information about them. <...> In the actions of F. R. Kozlov, there are signs of a crime under Part 2 of Art. 171 of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR.
So, the main executioner is Kozlov. But the rest, what, many better? From the beginning of the events to the resolution of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the CPSU: “We had a good action. We had no other choice.”
A criminal case was opened in 1992 against many of them, including the First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR Khrushchev.
The investigation lasted 2 years. We don’t know what happened behind the scenes. Perhaps President Yeltsin, the former first secretary of the Sverdlovsk Regional Committee of the CPSU, was told by his former party brethren: “Several members of the Presidium of the CPSU Central Committee cannot be prosecuted at once, even posthumously, and even headed by Khrushchev! This means bringing all power, the entire Soviet system to justice!”
One way or another, on September 11, 1994, the decision of the Chief Military Prosecutor’s Office was adopted:
“one. Terminate the criminal case against Kozlov F.R., who exceeded the power and powers granted to him when making decisions to restore order in the city of Novocherkassk in June 1962, on the basis of paragraph 8 of Art. 5 Code of Criminal Procedure of the RSFSR – in connection with his death.
- Terminate the criminal case against Khrushchev N.S., Mikoyan A.I., Kirilenko A.P., Polyansky D.S., Shelepin A.N., Ilyichev L.F., Pliev I.A., Oleshko I. F., Chugunova B.N., Pozhidaeva E.A., Malyutina N.S., as well as former servicemen of the 505th regiment of internal troops who used weapons when repelling an attack on the Novocherkassk city police department on June 2, 1962, on the basis of p. 2 tbsp. 5 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the RSFSR – due to the absence of corpus delicti in the actions of these persons.
That’s all?
From the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation B. Yeltsin dated June 8, 1996, No. 858:
“The Prosecutor General’s Office of the Russian Federation, within a 2-week period, to submit a protest to the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation in cases of citizens convicted in connection with the events in Novocherkassk on June 1-3, 1962 and still not rehabilitated. <…> Recognize family members of the repressed participants in the events in Novocherkassk on June 1-3, 1962 as victims of political repressions, extending to them the effect of Article 2 of the Law of the Russian Federation “On the Rehabilitation of Victims of Political Repressions”. <…> Establish a monument to the victims of the Novocherkassk tragedy in Novocherkassk.”
So it was…
Sergei Baimukhametov.
On the picture: monument to the victims of the Novocherkassk massacre.
Photo from the official site the city of Novocherkassk
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